Melatonin-producing bacteria

Abstract

Melatonin is an ancient molecule that can be traced back to the origin of life.

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Melatonin's initial function was likely that as a free radical scavenger. Melatonin presumably evolved in bacteria; it has been measured in both α-proteobacteria and in photosynthetic cyanobacteria. In early evolution, bacteria were phagocytosed by primitive eukaryotes for their nutrient value.

According to the endosymbiotic theory, the ingested bacteria eventually developed a symbiotic association with their host eukaryotes.

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The ingested α-proteobacteria evolved into mitochondria while cyanobacteria became chloroplasts and both organelles retained their ability to produce melatonin. Since these organelles have persisted to the present day, all species that ever existed or currently exist may have or may continue to synthesize melatonin in their mitochondria (animals and plants) and chloroplasts (plants) where it functions as an antioxidant.

Melatonin's other functions, including its multiple receptors, developed later in evolution. In present day animals, via receptor-mediated means, melaton

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